SmartPlant 3D (SP3D) is an advanced, data-centric 3D modeling software developed to meet the demands of the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) industries. It plays a transformative role in the way complex plant facilities are designed and managed, offering a comprehensive solution for creating, maintaining, and optimizing large-scale industrial projects. For professionals in Canada entering or advancing within industries like oil and gas, petrochemicals, or power generation, gaining proficiency in SP3D is a critical career asset.
Unlike conventional CAD tools, SP3D provides an intelligent modeling environment. It captures both geometric and non-geometric data, allowing users to build, analyze, and manage components in a fully integrated system. This integration supports greater accuracy, reduces rework, and enables informed decision-making throughout the design lifecycle. For organizations, SP3D contributes to improved efficiency, cost control, and compliance with industry standards.
The Evolution of Plant Design and SP3D’s Role
Historically, plant design was a manual process involving hand-drawn layouts and physical models. The advent of 2D computer-aided design improved productivity but lacked the spatial clarity and coordination needed for complex systems. With the development of 3D modeling technologies, design teams gained the ability to visualize, simulate, and optimize plants before construction began. SP3D stands at the forefront of this digital transformation by introducing rule-based automation, data integration, and multi-disciplinary collaboration.
The software allows engineers to model equipment, piping, structures, electrical systems, and instrumentation within a single environment. This ensures that all design elements are consistent and coordinated, minimizing conflicts and enabling early detection of issues. SP3D’s integration with other enterprise systems enhances its value further by aligning design data with procurement, construction, and operations.
Key Features and Capabilities of SP3D
SP3D is distinguished by a range of features that enhance productivity and design quality. One of its core strengths is intelligent object modeling, where every component in the model carries associated metadata. This enables dynamic updates, automatic checks, and efficient change management. The software’s rule-based design environment ensures that components follow predefined specifications, promoting consistency and reducing manual errors.
Another notable feature is its automated drawing generation. SP3D can produce orthographic and isometric drawings directly from the 3D model, significantly reducing the time needed for documentation. The software also includes clash detection tools, which identify spatial conflicts between components. This functionality is essential in preventing costly construction delays caused by on-site design errors.
SP3D supports real-time collaboration among different engineering disciplines. Through a shared model, piping designers, structural engineers, and electrical teams can work simultaneously while maintaining data integrity. The software’s central database serves as a single source of truth, ensuring that all users access the most current and accurate design information.
Industry Applications and Professional Relevance
The versatility of SP3D makes it applicable across various sectors. It is widely used in oil and gas refineries, chemical processing plants, power generation facilities, offshore platforms, and even large infrastructure projects. The software’s ability to handle complex geometries and integrate multiple systems makes it ideal for high-stakes environments where safety, reliability, and efficiency are paramount.
For professionals, SP3D expertise is a valuable skill that enhances employability and career progression. Engineers who are proficient in SP3D are in high demand due to the software’s widespread adoption in global projects. Mastery of SP3D not only opens doors to technical roles in design and drafting but also paves the way for leadership positions in project coordination and digital transformation initiatives.
In the Canadian context, where resource-driven industries dominate, having SP3D skills aligns with the workforce needs of companies involved in energy, mining, and infrastructure development. As these industries continue to modernize, the demand for engineers who can work in intelligent 3D environments will continue to grow.
Course Structure and Curriculum of SP3D Training
A structured and comprehensive approach is essential for mastering SmartPlant 3D (SP3D), especially for professionals seeking to build or advance their careers in the plant design and engineering industries. The SP3D training course is developed to provide a step-by-step learning experience, beginning with foundational concepts and progressing toward complex design functionalities. It is suitable for both beginners entering the field and seasoned professionals looking to refine their technical skill set.
The course structure is built around practical industry requirements, ensuring that learners gain hands-on experience that mirrors real-world design environments. Emphasis is placed on a balance between theoretical knowledge and its application using the SP3D interface, making the learning process both informative and experiential.
Introduction to the User Interface and Basic Environment Setup
The course begins with an in-depth introduction to the SP3D user interface. Trainees become familiar with the layout, toolbars, command panels, and navigation tools. Understanding the interface is critical, as it forms the foundation of all work done within the software.
Trainees are introduced to the concepts of workspaces, coordinate systems, and grid controls. These elements help set the stage for precise modeling and efficient data handling. From navigating the 3D space to selecting and manipulating objects, users are guided through the most essential tools that will be used throughout the course. Early lessons also focus on configuration settings, template selections, and customization options that allow users to tailor the software to specific project requirements.
This phase is especially important for new users, as it reduces the learning curve and helps them build confidence before diving into complex tasks.
Equipment Modeling and Configuration
Once users are comfortable with the interface, the course progresses to equipment modeling. This module focuses on the creation, placement, and configuration of key process equipment components, such as pumps, tanks, compressors, heat exchangers, and pressure vessels.
Using standard catalogs and component libraries, learners are taught how to define equipment geometry, assign specifications, and ensure compliance with industry standards. The importance of spatial arrangement, clearances, and access requirements is discussed to prepare students for practical challenges in plant design.
Additionally, users learn how to align equipment with connected systems, establish nozzle orientations, and define elevation levels. These skills are fundamental when working with complex layouts where accuracy and coordination between components are crucial.
Piping Design and Routing Fundamentals
One of the core elements of the SP3D course is piping design. This module teaches users how to design and route piping systems according to engineering specifications. Starting from a basic understanding of piping components, learners explore valves, flanges, elbows, reducers, gaskets, and other essential items in the piping catalog.
Using SP3D’s specification-driven routing tools, users practice drawing pipe runs between equipment, placing branches, and managing pipe connections. Attention is paid to proper slope calculations, minimum and maximum pipe spans, insulation requirements, and pipe support placements.
Special focus is given to complex routing scenarios such as pipe racks, underground piping, and systems with high-density connections. Users are guided on how to interpret piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and convert them into accurate 3D piping layouts.
Integration with other disciplines is also highlighted in this phase. The software enables users to avoid clashes with structural steel, cable trays, and ducting systems. Lessons in this module also include tag management, line numbering systems, and maintenance of design consistency across the model.
Structural Modeling and Steel Framework
The structural module introduces learners to steel design elements, including beams, columns, bracing, staircases, and platforms. Users are taught how to access structural catalogs, select steel profiles, and create assemblies based on project standards.
Trainees practice placing structural components in a logical and accessible layout, ensuring adequate space for operations and maintenance. The course covers basic principles of load distribution, spacing, and connection detailing, although it does not replace advanced structural engineering knowledge.
Integration between structural models and piping layouts is essential, as spatial conflicts can significantly affect design feasibility. The course addresses this by guiding users through the use of reference planes, section cuts, and smart dimensions to validate structure-pipe alignments.
Users also learn how to create customized steel components and export fabrication drawings for use in construction planning. Emphasis is placed on coordination with civil and architectural teams to ensure design accuracy across all disciplines.
Electrical and Instrumentation Interface Basics
Though often considered a specialized area, understanding the basics of electrical and instrumentation modeling in SP3D is crucial for cross-disciplinary collaboration. This module introduces learners to the placement of cable trays, lighting supports, panels, and junction boxes.
The course explains how to align electrical systems with mechanical equipment, ensuring proper routing and accessibility. Students learn to navigate electrical specifications, define tray types, assign voltage ratings, and maintain clearance standards.
Instrumentation modeling includes the placement of transmitters, sensors, and control panels, along with their supporting infrastructure. While this module provides a surface-level understanding, it helps learners gain an appreciation for the interconnected nature of all design disciplines.
Drawing and Report Generation
One of SP3D’s most powerful features is its ability to automatically generate construction documents directly from the 3D model. This module teaches learners how to produce orthographic drawings, isometric views, and detailed component diagrams with annotations and dimensions.
Users are introduced to the drawing environment within SP3D, learning how to extract views, add tags, and apply industry-specific drawing styles. The module emphasizes drawing consistency, sheet scaling, and annotation standards.
In addition to visual drawings, SP3D can produce comprehensive reports such as a bill of materials (BOM), line lists, and equipment indexes. These outputs are critical for procurement, project planning, and on-site construction teams. Learners are guided through the process of report customization, filtering data, and exporting files in usable formats for further processing.
Understanding how to efficiently generate and manage drawings and reports prepares users to deliver high-quality documentation with minimal manual drafting effort, improving overall project timelines.
Advanced Modeling and Customization Techniques
As learners become more proficient, the course transitions into advanced topics. This includes modeling custom components, creating user-defined objects, and modifying rule sets to suit specific project requirements.
Learners are taught how to define and edit project specifications, develop customized part catalogs, and integrate external reference models. These skills enable greater flexibility and adaptability when working on projects with unique technical demands.
Rule-based design is also covered in detail. SP3D allows users to enforce design standards through rule sets, ensuring that all modeling complies with defined engineering constraints. This reduces design errors and promotes consistency across large projects.
In this module, users learn how to set up automated validation tools, run interference checks, and apply data verification rules to maintain model integrity. This advanced functionality is essential for project teams working on high-value infrastructure where precision is paramount.
Integration with Other Engineering Systems
Modern engineering workflows rely on integrated software ecosystems. SP3D supports connections with other tools such as SmartPlant P&ID, Smart Electrical, and Smart Materials. This integration ensures that data flows seamlessly between disciplines, supporting coordinated project execution.
The course includes an overview of how SP3D interfaces with upstream and downstream systems. Learners gain insight into how data from P&ID diagrams can be imported to drive piping layout and how design data can be used for procurement and construction planning.
Emphasis is placed on maintaining data consistency, managing revision histories, and handling change orders. Trainees learn how to use data linking features to enhance communication between departments and reduce design cycles.
By the end of the course, learners are expected to demonstrate the ability to:
- Navigate the SP3D interface and configure workspaces according to project needs
- Create and manage 3D models of plant equipment with precision and accuracy.
- Design and route piping systems using specification-driven rules and catalogs
- Develop structural models that integrate with mechanical and piping designs.
- Apply basic electrical and instrumentation modeling to support interdisciplinary design.
- Generate high-quality drawings and reports directly from the 3D model.
- Customize modeling rules, specifications, and component libraries.
- Integrate SP3D with other enterprise tools to support a connected engineering workflow.
These outcomes prepare learners to contribute meaningfully to real-world design projects, enhancing their productivity, collaboration skills, and overall design competency.
Practical Exposure, Real-World Projects, and Industry Application
The application of SmartPlant 3D (SP3D) goes beyond understanding its interface and technical commands. The software is designed for complex, real-world industrial projects, and effective training must reflect this reality. To ensure that learners are job-ready upon completion of the course, practical exposure to simulated project environments, case studies, and industry-oriented exercises is a vital part of the curriculum.
Practical learning provides an opportunity to understand how theoretical knowledge is applied in design and execution. It reinforces critical thinking, decision-making, and problem-solving skills that are indispensable in engineering environments. When integrated into the SP3D training course, these real-world experiences help bridge the gap between classroom learning and professional practice.
Importance of Hands-On Training in SP3D
Hands-on training plays a pivotal role in developing confidence and competence among learners. It transforms abstract concepts into tangible understanding. Learners gain experience in navigating real engineering challenges, applying standards, meeting client requirements, and working collaboratively with other disciplines.
The complexity of industrial plant design requires a strong grasp of spatial coordination, component integration, and specification adherence. Through hands-on modeling tasks, trainees learn how to translate engineering drawings, such as process and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), into intelligent 3D models. These exercises mimic actual project workflows and enhance the learner’s ability to visualize and construct complete systems within SP3D.
Practical exposure also teaches the discipline of design consistency. Each model must meet predefined project criteria, which may include client specifications, industry codes, and safety standards. During practical sessions, learners are trained to pay attention to details such as proper nozzle alignment, equipment clearance, pipe routing tolerances, and structural interferences.
Simulated Industrial Projects
One of the core elements of the practical component is the execution of simulated industrial projects. These simulations replicate common design challenges encountered in sectors such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, power generation, and water treatment.
For example, learners may be tasked with modeling a utility area within a refinery. This involves placing pumps, tanks, and exchangers; routing interconnecting piping; designing pipe supports; and integrating cable trays. Each step requires coordination between equipment design, piping layout, and structural support.
Other simulations might focus on offshore platform modules, including topside layouts, riser connections, and equipment skids. Learners work with complex geometries and limited space, emphasizing the need for precision and efficiency. These project simulations often span multiple training sessions and culminate in a final model review and quality assessment.
Each simulated project includes the generation of drawings, a bill of materials, and design reports, ensuring that learners understand how to deliver complete documentation packages. This reinforces the importance of traceability and documentation, which are essential in professional engineering environments.
Real-World Case Studies
Real-world case studies form another integral part of practical learning. These studies are drawn from past industrial projects and showcase how SP3D was used to solve specific design or coordination issues. Case studies offer insight into the thought process, decision-making, and collaboration that go into successful project execution.
A typical case study might involve a chemical processing plant where SP3D was used to resolve space constraints between piping systems and structural components. The study could include design challenges, initial modeling attempts, the clash detection process, and the final optimized layout. Learners are encouraged to analyze each stage and suggest improvements based on their understanding.
Another case study could focus on a power plant upgrade, where legacy designs needed to be integrated with new equipment. The challenge of reconciling old and new systems, managing as-built conditions, and maintaining design integrity can be explored. These examples help learners understand how flexibility, attention to detail, and software proficiency contribute to project success.
Case studies also highlight the importance of stakeholder engagement. Trainees learn how designers, engineers, safety officers, and project managers interact during the modeling phase. They gain perspective on how design decisions are influenced by regulatory requirements, construction constraints, and operational considerations.
Clash Detection and Model Review
SP3D includes powerful tools for clash detection and interference checking. These are essential for identifying and resolving spatial conflicts before construction begins. During practical sessions, learners are taught how to run interference checks, analyze the results, and make necessary design modifications.
Understanding clash types—hard, soft, and clearance—is vital in effective design management. A hard clash may involve overlapping pipes and structures, while a soft clash might represent insufficient spacing between components. Clearance violations can indicate issues with accessibility or maintenance areas. Trainees learn how to use these insights to improve model quality.
Model review sessions are conducted as part of the hands-on experience. These sessions simulate actual design review meetings where different stakeholders examine the model, discuss critical areas, and suggest revisions. Learners present their models, respond to feedback, and make updates in real time.
This process fosters collaboration and communication skills, both of which are essential for working in interdisciplinary teams. It also emphasizes accountability, as learners must justify their design decisions and demonstrate compliance with project standards.
Integration of Multiple Disciplines
Real-world projects require coordination between multiple disciplines, and SP3D supports this by allowing concurrent modeling of mechanical, structural, electrical, and instrumentation systems. Practical exercises introduce trainees to this multi-disciplinary integration.
For instance, a piping designer must understand how to route lines around structural members while maintaining proper slope and avoiding interferences. Similarly, an equipment designer must account for instrument accessibility and electrical connections. The practical training simulates these interactions, teaching learners how to manage interfaces and collaborate effectively.
This exposure helps learners appreciate the interconnected nature of plant design. It also prepares them to work in integrated project environments, where collaboration and coordination determine the success of the project.
Customization and User-Defined Components
In real projects, standard components may not always meet specific design needs. SP3D allows users to create custom objects and modify existing catalog items. During the practical phase, learners are introduced to the creation of user-defined components.
They learn how to define geometric parameters, assign metadata, and insert these components into the project library. Custom supports, unique fittings, or specialized equipment can all be modeled using this functionality. Understanding how to work beyond the default library adds a layer of adaptability to the learner’s skill set.
This ability to customize also includes rule definitions and specifications. Learners explore how to modify rule sets that control design behavior, such as minimum clearances or component placement restrictions. These advanced tools are especially useful in complex projects where flexibility is essential.
Application in the Canadian Engineering Context
The practical component of SP3D training is designed with awareness of industry demands in Canada. The country’s resource-based economy heavily relies on infrastructure and industrial development, making SP3D a critical tool for local professionals.
Projects in Canada often involve environmental regulations, safety compliance, and winterization design, which must be considered during modeling. Trainees learn how to apply these regional requirements in their designs. For example, models may need to accommodate insulation for extreme weather, seismic bracing for structures, or accessibility for maintenance crews.
By applying SP3D in a Canadian context, learners are better prepared for job opportunities within domestic engineering firms, EPC contractors, and plant operators. They also gain awareness of industry-specific codes, such as CSA standards, that influence design choices and documentation practices.
Final Project and Performance Evaluation
The practical component culminates in a final project that brings together all the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the training. Learners are assigned a detailed project brief that mimics a real industrial scenario. They must complete the design, modeling, drawing generation, and documentation within a defined timeframe.
This final project is evaluated based on accuracy, completeness, design logic, and presentation. Trainees receive feedback from instructors on areas of strength and improvement. The experience provides a strong foundation for real project work and can be added to the learner’s professional portfolio.
The final review session includes peer evaluations and simulated client feedback, allowing learners to refine their communication and presentation skills. It is an opportunity to experience the entire workflow of a typical plant design project, from concept to deliverables.
Certification, Career Impact, and Continued Support
Completing a SmartPlant 3D (SP3D) training course is not only a technical achievement but also a significant step forward in one’s professional development. As industries continue to adopt intelligent design systems, individuals with SP3D expertise are increasingly sought after for roles that demand precision, interdisciplinary collaboration, and familiarity with modern engineering tools. Certification serves as official recognition of this expertise, while post-training support ensures that learners continue to grow in their roles beyond the classroom.
This final phase of the training framework addresses the value of certification, the career opportunities it unlocks, and the importance of ongoing support in helping professionals stay competitive in a dynamic industry landscape.
SP3D Certification: A Professional Credential
Certification is the culmination of the SP3D training experience. It signifies that the learner has gained a comprehensive understanding of the software, can apply its functionalities in a project setting, and meets the technical standards required by industry employers. It validates both theoretical knowledge and practical proficiency, offering assurance to employers, clients, and project managers.
The certification process typically includes theoretical assessments, hands-on project evaluations, and sometimes a final presentation. These evaluations measure the learner’s ability to navigate the software, create models, generate documentation, and resolve design challenges. Successful candidates receive a certificate of completion that can be added to professional portfolios, resumes, and job applications.
While certification alone is not a substitute for experience, it enhances credibility, especially for new graduates or professionals transitioning into plant design roles. It shows a proactive investment in skill development and demonstrates readiness to contribute to real-world engineering projects.
The recognition that comes with SP3D certification can also facilitate advancement within an organization. Certified professionals may be entrusted with more complex tasks, leadership roles within design teams, or cross-functional project coordination responsibilities. In some companies, certification is a prerequisite for certain positions or client-facing assignments.
Career Opportunities and Industry Demand
SP3D skills are in high demand across a range of industries. As plant design and engineering projects grow in complexity, companies are seeking professionals who can use advanced modeling software to deliver high-quality outcomes. In Canada, sectors such as oil and gas, mining, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, and power generation have a consistent need for SP3D-trained personnel.
Job titles associated with SP3D training include piping designer, layout engineer, mechanical modeler, equipment designer, structural modeler, and plant 3D coordinator. These roles exist within engineering firms, design consultants, construction companies, and owner-operator organizations. Many of these positions involve collaboration with project teams across disciplines and geographical locations, further emphasizing the value of digital coordination tools like SP3D.
In addition to technical positions, SP3D knowledge is valuable for project management roles. Professionals who understand how the modeling process works are better equipped to manage design workflows, review model progress, and coordinate between departments. The ability to interpret 3D models and extract data insights contributes to more informed decision-making at the project level.
SP3D training also opens opportunities in international markets. The software is used globally, and certified professionals can find work with multinational engineering and construction firms. Experience with SP3D is often transferable between regions and industries, making it a versatile skill in an increasingly globalized workforce.
Freelance and consulting opportunities are also growing for SP3D experts. Companies often seek contract support for specific phases of a project, particularly during design development or model review. This allows trained professionals to apply their skills on a flexible basis and build diverse portfolios.
Continued Support and Professional Growth
Learning SP3D is not a one-time event but a continuous journey. As projects evolve and technology advances, professionals must remain engaged with new developments, updates, and best practices. A strong training program includes ongoing support services that help learners apply their knowledge effectively in the workplace and continue growing in their roles.
One important aspect of post-training support is access to mentors or instructors. Learners may encounter new challenges when working on real projects that were not fully covered during the training sessions. Having a support system to ask questions, seek clarification, or request guidance helps bridge that gap. This support builds confidence and enables smoother transitions from learning to practice.
Additional resources such as learning forums, discussion groups, or refresher modules provide platforms for sharing knowledge and solving common problems. These communities create opportunities to learn from the experiences of others, stay updated on software enhancements, and explore alternative modeling techniques.
Training providers may also offer continuing education through advanced workshops, specialization courses, or certification upgrades. For instance, a learner who has completed core SP3D training might pursue a focused course on piping stress analysis integration or structural detailing. These options allow professionals to deepen their expertise and remain valuable assets in a competitive job market.
Staying current with software updates is also crucial. SP3D, like most engineering software, is continuously enhanced with new features, improved interfaces, and better integration tools. Learners are encouraged to familiarize themselves with version changes, update logs, and new modules that can affect their modeling approaches.
Documentation standards and compliance requirements may also change over time. As industry codes evolve, professionals must ensure that their models and drawings reflect the latest regulations. Continued support often includes access to updated templates, standards documentation, and regulatory guidance.
Applying SP3D Skills in the Workplace
The true test of training lies in its application. Once learners enter the professional environment, they begin to use SP3D as a daily tool for communication, coordination, and problem-solving. The structured learning acquired during training prepares them for these responsibilities, but real proficiency develops through active application.
SP3D-trained professionals must often participate in project kickoff meetings, design reviews, client interactions, and on-site coordination. They are expected to manage design changes, troubleshoot modeling issues, and provide solutions that align with project goals. The ability to understand how their work fits into the larger project context is essential.
Working in a team setting further enhances these skills. Coordination with engineers, draftsmen, procurement officers, and construction supervisors is part of the job. Effective communication, clarity in model presentation, and the ability to respond to feedback are important traits that are developed during and after training.
SP3D models also serve as a foundation for downstream activities such as procurement planning, fabrication, and construction sequencing. Trained professionals contribute by ensuring model accuracy, tagging consistency, and data traceability. Their work influences cost estimation, material ordering, and construction timelines.
Furthermore, SP3D-trained individuals may be involved in operations and maintenance planning. The intelligent data within the model can be linked to asset management systems, providing critical information for lifecycle planning. This extends the impact of SP3D training from the design phase into long-term plant operations.
Advancing in a Digital Engineering Career
As the engineering industry becomes more data-driven, professionals with digital modeling skills will lead the way in shaping future projects. SP3D is a foundational tool in this transformation, and those who understand its capabilities will be well-positioned for leadership roles in digital project delivery.
Beyond technical proficiency, SP3D training fosters a mindset of continuous improvement. Learners become problem-solvers who use technology to optimize performance. They understand how to work within constraints, deliver value through efficient design, and contribute to innovation in engineering processes.
Career advancement opportunities may include roles such as BIM manager, digital twin coordinator, design lead, or engineering systems analyst. These positions require not only software skills but also an understanding of data strategy, stakeholder coordination, and integrated project execution.
With a strong foundation in SP3D, professionals can also explore complementary tools and platforms. Learning how SP3D interfaces with document control systems, cost management tools, or construction management platforms broadens their capabilities and prepares them for cross-functional responsibilities.
As digital engineering becomes the norm rather than the exception, individuals who have mastered SP3D will be at the forefront of change. They will influence how projects are conceived, designed, and delivered in an increasingly connected world.
Final Thoughts
The SmartPlant 3D (SP3D) training course represents more than just instruction in a software platform—it is an essential gateway to mastering the modern tools that power today’s industrial engineering and plant design sectors. As industries continue to adopt intelligent digital solutions, the demand for professionals skilled in SP3D is steadily growing. This training not only equips learners with the technical expertise to build detailed, data-rich 3D models but also instills a deeper understanding of how technology drives collaboration, innovation, and efficiency in complex engineering environments.
Throughout the course, learners progress from foundational concepts to real-world applications, developing the confidence and competence required to contribute meaningfully to multi-disciplinary design teams. With its focus on practical modeling exercises, integrated systems thinking, and certification-based assessment, the training ensures that participants are fully prepared for the professional challenges they will face.
Whether embarking on a new career or seeking to enhance existing skills, individuals who complete SP3D training position themselves at the forefront of digital plant design. The knowledge and experience gained not only open up career opportunities across various industries but also lay the foundation for long-term growth in a competitive, ever-evolving field.
For engineers and design professionals in Canada, the SP3D course provides the structure, tools, and support needed to excel in today’s data-driven engineering world. It is a step toward technical mastery, professional credibility, and a future shaped by innovation, accuracy, and digital fluency.